com.esri.arcgis.geoprocessing.tools.spatialstatisticstools
Class SpatialAutocorrelation

java.lang.Object
  com.esri.arcgis.geoprocessing.AbstractGPTool
      com.esri.arcgis.geoprocessing.tools.spatialstatisticstools.SpatialAutocorrelation

All Implemented Interfaces:

GPTool

public class SpatialAutocorrelation
extends AbstractGPTool

Measures spatial autocorrelation based on feature locations and attribute values. The Spatial Autocorrelation (Morans I) tool is contained in the Spatial Statistics Tools tool box.
Learn more about how Spatial Autocorrelation: Moran's I works

Software restrictions: none

Illustration:

Usage tips:

• This tool honors the environment output coordinate system; even though no feature class output is created. Feature geometry; is projected to the output coordinate system prior to analysis, so values entered for the Distance Band/Threshold Distance parameter should match those specified in the output coordinate system. All mathematical computations are based on the output coordinate system spatial reference;
• Calculations based on either Euclidean or Manhattan distance require projected data; to accurately measure distances.
• If you will be running several analyses on a single dataset (e.g., analyzing several different fields) or if you have a dataset with more than 3000 features, it is recommended that you construct the spatial weights matrix file; prior to analysis.
• The Moran's I value and associated Z score are written to the Command window and passed as derived output.
• Given a set of features and an associated attribute, Global Moran's I evaluates whether the pattern expressed is clustered, dispersed, or random. When the Z score or p-value indicates statistical significance, a positive Moran's I index value indicates tendency toward clustering while a negative Moran's I index value indicates tendency toward dispersion.
• The Global Moran's I tool calculates a Z score; and p-value to indicate whether or not you can reject the null hypothsis. In this case, the null hypothesis states that feature values are randomly distributed across the study area. In this tool, the Z score is based on the Randomization Null Hypothesis computation. For more information on Z scores and p-values, see What is a Z score? What is a p-value?;
• For line and polygon features, true feature geometric centroids are used in computations.
• The input field should contain a variety of values. The math for this statistic requires some variation in the variable being analyzed; it cannot solve if all input values are 1, for example. If you have incident data, and want to analyze incident intensity, consider aggregating your incident data or using the Collect Events; tool prior to analysis.
• Whenever using shapefiles keep in mind that they cannot store null values. Tools or other procedures that create shapefiles from non-shapefile inputs may store or interpret null values as zero. This can lead to unexpected results.
• The Conceptualization of Spatial Relationships used for analysis should be based on your understanding of spatial interaction among the features being analyzed.
• For Inverse Distance conceptualization options: when zero is entered for the "Distance Band or Threshold Distance" parameter all features are considered neighbors of all other features; when this parameter is left blank, a default threshold distance will be applied.
• When the spatial conceptualization is an Inverse Distance method (Inverse Distance, Inverse Distance Squared, or Zone of Indifference) any two points that are coincident will be given a weight of one to avoid zero division. This assures features are not excluded from analysis.
• With inverse distance conceptualizations, weights for distances less than 1 become unstable. The weighting for features separated by less than 1 unit of distance (common with Geographic Coordinate System; projections), are given a weight of 1.
• Analysis on features with a Geographic Coordinate System projection is not recommended with any of the inverse distance based spatial conceptualization methods.
• The "Display Output Graphically" parameter will only work on the Windows operating system. When set to true it will display the results of the tool graphically.
• When output is shown graphically, a separate graphics dialog box will be displayed. If you use the tool in a script, set the Display_Output_Graphically parameter to "false", otherwise your script will not complete until you click"Close" on the popup graphic.
• In ArcGIS version 9.2, the "Global" standardization option was removed. Global standardization returns the same results as no standardization. Models built with previous versions of ArcGIS that use the Global standardization option may need to be rebuilt.
• See the Modeling Spatial Relationships; help page for further explanation of this tool's parameters.
• Current map layers may be used to define the input feature class. When using layers, only the currently selected features are included in the analysis.
• Learn more about working with layers and table views;

Field Summary

Fields inherited from class com.esri.arcgis.geoprocessing.AbstractGPTool

vals

Constructor Summary

SpatialAutocorrelation()
Creates the Spatial Autocorrelation (Morans I) tool with defaults.

SpatialAutocorrelation(Object inputFeatureClass, Object inputField, String conceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships, String distanceMethod, String standardization)
Creates the Spatial Autocorrelation (Morans I) tool with the required parameters.

Method Summary

String	getConceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships() Returns the Conceptualization of Spatial Relationships parameter of this tool .
String	getDisplayOutputGraphically() Returns the Display Output Graphically parameter of this tool .
double	getDistanceBandOrThresholdDistance() Returns the Distance Band or Threshold Distance parameter of this tool .
String	getDistanceMethod() Returns the Distance Method parameter of this tool .
double	getIndex() Returns the Index parameter of this tool (Read only).
Object	getInputFeatureClass() Returns the Input Feature Class parameter of this tool .
Object	getInputField() Returns the Input Field parameter of this tool .
double	getPValue() Returns the PValue parameter of this tool (Read only).
String	getStandardization() Returns the Standardization parameter of this tool .
String	getToolboxAlias() Returns the alias of the tool box containing this tool.
String	getToolboxName() Returns the name of the tool box containing this tool.
String	getToolName() Returns the name of this tool.
Object	getWeightsMatrixFile() Returns the Weights Matrix File parameter of this tool .
double	getZScore() Returns the ZScore parameter of this tool (Read only).
void	setConceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships(String conceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships) Sets the Conceptualization of Spatial Relationships parameter of this tool .
void	setDisplayOutputGraphically(String displayOutputGraphically) Sets the Display Output Graphically parameter of this tool .
void	setDistanceBandOrThresholdDistance(double distanceBandOrThresholdDistance) Sets the Distance Band or Threshold Distance parameter of this tool .
void	setDistanceMethod(String distanceMethod) Sets the Distance Method parameter of this tool .
void	setInputFeatureClass(Object inputFeatureClass) Sets the Input Feature Class parameter of this tool .
void	setInputField(Object inputField) Sets the Input Field parameter of this tool .
void	setStandardization(String standardization) Sets the Standardization parameter of this tool .
void	setWeightsMatrixFile(Object weightsMatrixFile) Sets the Weights Matrix File parameter of this tool .

Methods inherited from class com.esri.arcgis.geoprocessing.AbstractGPTool

getParameterValues, toString

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Constructor Detail

SpatialAutocorrelation

public SpatialAutocorrelation()

Creates the Spatial Autocorrelation (Morans I) tool with defaults.

Initializes the array of tool parameters with the default values specified when the tool was created.

SpatialAutocorrelation

public SpatialAutocorrelation(Object inputFeatureClass,
                              Object inputField,
                              String conceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships,
                              String distanceMethod,
                              String standardization)

Creates the Spatial Autocorrelation (Morans I) tool with the required parameters.

Initializes the array of tool parameters with the values as specified for the required parameters and with the default values for the other parameters.

Parameters:

inputFeatureClass - Feature Layer, the feature class for which spatial autocorrelation will be calculated.

inputField - Field, the numeric field used in assessing spatial autocorrelation.

conceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships - String, specifies how spatial relationships among features are conceptualized.

distanceMethod - String, specifies how distances are calculated when measuring spatial autocorrelation.

standardization - String, row standardization is recommended whenever the distribution of your features is potentially biased due to sampling design or an imposed aggregation scheme.

Method Detail

getInputFeatureClass

public Object getInputFeatureClass()

Returns the Input Feature Class parameter of this tool . This parameter is Feature Layer, the feature class for which spatial autocorrelation will be calculated. This is a required parameter.

Returns:

the Input Feature Class

setInputFeatureClass

public void setInputFeatureClass(Object inputFeatureClass)

Sets the Input Feature Class parameter of this tool . This parameter is Feature Layer, the feature class for which spatial autocorrelation will be calculated. This is a required parameter.

Parameters:

inputFeatureClass - Feature Layer, the feature class for which spatial autocorrelation will be calculated.

getInputField

public Object getInputField()

Returns the Input Field parameter of this tool . This parameter is Field, the numeric field used in assessing spatial autocorrelation. This is a required parameter.

Returns:

the Input Field

setInputField

public void setInputField(Object inputField)

Sets the Input Field parameter of this tool . This parameter is Field, the numeric field used in assessing spatial autocorrelation. This is a required parameter.

Parameters:

inputField - Field, the numeric field used in assessing spatial autocorrelation.

getDisplayOutputGraphically

public String getDisplayOutputGraphically()

Returns the Display Output Graphically parameter of this tool . This parameter is String, specifies whether the tool will display the Moran's I and Z score values graphically. This is an optional parameter.

Returns:

the Display Output Graphically

setDisplayOutputGraphically

public void setDisplayOutputGraphically(String displayOutputGraphically)

Sets the Display Output Graphically parameter of this tool . This parameter is String, specifies whether the tool will display the Moran's I and Z score values graphically. This is an optional parameter.

Parameters:

displayOutputGraphically - String, specifies whether the tool will display the Moran's I and Z score values graphically.

getConceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships

public String getConceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships()

Returns the Conceptualization of Spatial Relationships parameter of this tool . This parameter is String, specifies how spatial relationships among features are conceptualized. This is a required parameter.

Returns:

the Conceptualization of Spatial Relationships

setConceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships

public void setConceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships(String conceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships)

Sets the Conceptualization of Spatial Relationships parameter of this tool . This parameter is String, specifies how spatial relationships among features are conceptualized. This is a required parameter.

Parameters:

conceptualizationOfSpatialRelationships - String, specifies how spatial relationships among features are conceptualized.

getDistanceMethod

public String getDistanceMethod()

Returns the Distance Method parameter of this tool . This parameter is String, specifies how distances are calculated when measuring spatial autocorrelation. This is a required parameter.

Returns:

the Distance Method

setDistanceMethod

public void setDistanceMethod(String distanceMethod)

Sets the Distance Method parameter of this tool . This parameter is String, specifies how distances are calculated when measuring spatial autocorrelation. This is a required parameter.

Parameters:

distanceMethod - String, specifies how distances are calculated when measuring spatial autocorrelation.

getStandardization

public String getStandardization()

Returns the Standardization parameter of this tool . This parameter is String, row standardization is recommended whenever the distribution of your features is potentially biased due to sampling design or an imposed aggregation scheme. This is a required parameter.

Returns:

the Standardization

setStandardization

public void setStandardization(String standardization)

Sets the Standardization parameter of this tool . This parameter is String, row standardization is recommended whenever the distribution of your features is potentially biased due to sampling design or an imposed aggregation scheme. This is a required parameter.

Parameters:

standardization - String, row standardization is recommended whenever the distribution of your features is potentially biased due to sampling design or an imposed aggregation scheme.

getDistanceBandOrThresholdDistance

public double getDistanceBandOrThresholdDistance()

Returns the Distance Band or Threshold Distance parameter of this tool . This parameter is Double, specifies a cutoff distance for Inverse Distance and Fixed Distance options. Features outside the specified cutoff for a target feature are ignored in analyses for that feature. However, for Zone of Indifference, the influence of features outside the given distance is reduced with distance while those inside the distance threshold are equally considered. The value entered should match those of the Output Coordinate System. For the Inverse Distance conceptualizations of spatial relationships: A value of zero for this parameter indicates that no threshold distance is applied; when this parameter is left blank, a default threshold value will be computed and applied. This parameter has no effect when "Polygon Contiguity" or "Get Spatial Weights From File" spatial conceptualizations are selected. This is an optional parameter.

Returns:

the Distance Band or Threshold Distance

setDistanceBandOrThresholdDistance

public void setDistanceBandOrThresholdDistance(double distanceBandOrThresholdDistance)

Sets the Distance Band or Threshold Distance parameter of this tool . This parameter is Double, specifies a cutoff distance for Inverse Distance and Fixed Distance options. Features outside the specified cutoff for a target feature are ignored in analyses for that feature. However, for Zone of Indifference, the influence of features outside the given distance is reduced with distance while those inside the distance threshold are equally considered. The value entered should match those of the Output Coordinate System. For the Inverse Distance conceptualizations of spatial relationships: A value of zero for this parameter indicates that no threshold distance is applied; when this parameter is left blank, a default threshold value will be computed and applied. This parameter has no effect when "Polygon Contiguity" or "Get Spatial Weights From File" spatial conceptualizations are selected. This is an optional parameter.

Parameters:

distanceBandOrThresholdDistance - Double, specifies a cutoff distance for Inverse Distance and Fixed Distance options. Features outside the specified cutoff for a target feature are ignored in analyses for that feature. However, for Zone of Indifference, the influence of features outside the given distance is reduced with distance while those inside the distance threshold are equally considered. The value entered should match those of the Output Coordinate System. For the Inverse Distance conceptualizations of spatial relationships: A value of zero for this parameter indicates that no threshold distance is applied; when this parameter is left blank, a default threshold value will be computed and applied. This parameter has no effect when "Polygon Contiguity" or "Get Spatial Weights From File" spatial conceptualizations are selected.

getWeightsMatrixFile

public Object getWeightsMatrixFile()

Returns the Weights Matrix File parameter of this tool . This parameter is File, the pathname to a file containing spatial weights that define spatial relationships between features. This is an optional parameter.

Returns:

the Weights Matrix File

setWeightsMatrixFile

public void setWeightsMatrixFile(Object weightsMatrixFile)

Sets the Weights Matrix File parameter of this tool . This parameter is File, the pathname to a file containing spatial weights that define spatial relationships between features. This is an optional parameter.

Parameters:

weightsMatrixFile - File, the pathname to a file containing spatial weights that define spatial relationships between features.

getIndex

public double getIndex()

Returns the Index parameter of this tool (Read only). This is an derived parameter.

Returns:

the Index

getZScore

public double getZScore()

Returns the ZScore parameter of this tool (Read only). This is an derived parameter.

Returns:

the ZScore

getPValue

public double getPValue()

Returns the PValue parameter of this tool (Read only). This is an derived parameter.

Returns:

the PValue

getToolName

public String getToolName()

Returns the name of this tool.

Returns:

the tool name

getToolboxName

public String getToolboxName()

Returns the name of the tool box containing this tool.

Returns:

the tool box name

getToolboxAlias

public String getToolboxAlias()

Returns the alias of the tool box containing this tool.

Returns:

the tool box alias